The Executive Remuneration Plan For Whc s New Subsidiary

Elekta is a Swedish company founded in 1972 by late Lars Leksell. Lars Leksell was a professor of neurosurgery at the local institute called Karolinska Institue in Sweden. His company specialises in radio-surgery, radiation therapy, and related equipment. Elekta is a human care company developing significant innovations and clinical solutions to combat cancer and brain disorders. The company operates only in Sweden but their equipments are used all over the world. A total of 6,000 hospitals around the globe use their medical solutions in oncology and neurosurgery. The success and the structure of the company is because of their 3,400 employees who work hard day and night to provide and facilitate best results whether it be development of clinical solutions or treatment planning for radiation therapies. The purpose of the report is to highlight the remuneration plan of Elekta and to develop the executive remuneration plan for WHC’s new subsidiary in Sweden. Elekta’s Remuneration Plan An Executive Remuneration plan is the most current development made for a company’s executives and is executed all around the world. Remuneration planning is a key incentive for the company. Remuneration retains talented staff to sustain a competitive advantage. It creates customer value and demolishes the significant erosion of business value. It is of prime importance to Elekta and it’s stakeholders that the guidelines for remuneration and other terms of employment for the executive of the

The Tempest Essay example - 1428 Words

Gonzalo states: quot;We are people of our own minds and no one elses,quot; by this Gonzalo is telling everyone that no one can control what someone sees or does. This is true unless one is using magic to alter the minds and reality of anyone under the influence of magic. In the Tempest, by William Shakespeare, Prospero uses magic to alter the reality and delude the minds of characters. Love or guilt is a form of magic that naturally occurs in ones life. Prospero creates another magic that is placed in the audiences mind when he asks them to become the master magicians. Alonso and Gonzalos minds are deluded by Prosperos spells to make them unaware of what is happening around them or aware of something out of the ordinary, and†¦show more content†¦Prospero casts a spell to make Calibans body fill with cramps and pinches all over. Direct magic doesnt always work in one try, so a person may attempt to do something again. Caliban, Trinculo, and Stephano try to kill Prospero, but Prospero casts spells on them to fill their bodies with cramps and pinches. Prospero does this for two reasons. One is to keep from getting killed and, two is to punish them. Because of this, Caliban repents toward the end of the play. The spells are physically applied, but they also have a mental affect. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Natural magic is about to take place, i.e., falling in love and/or feeling guilty for ones actions. This is a natural occurrence in ones life and is part of reality. Miranda falls in love with Ferdinand when they first meet. Miranda tells Prospero about the fine looking creature. She may be saying this because she has never seen a man; nevertheless, she is in love. Prospero plans for this to happen; because Prospero is planning for this to happen, he has to make Ferdinand prove that he is worthy of Miranda. Ferdinand doesnt know Miranda, but wishes he could get to know her. They gaze deeply into each others eyes, and instantly they feel a passion burning that can not be hidden. Prospero expects this to happen, but he doesnt cast any spells. Ferdinand does physical labor to prove that he is in love with Miranda. This shows the powerShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest And Ceasire s Play A Tempest2170 Words   |  9 PagesOrobosa Omede Professor Tung Literature 305 Research paper Racism defined in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest and Ceasire’s play A Tempest ​Cesarie s version of Shakespeare play The Tempest is a postcolonial response that focuses on the point of view of the enslaved characters Ariel and Caliban. Cesarie emphasizes the racial significant that leads to colonial politics. In cesarie s version the tension between prospero and Caliban are more evident. Caliban is more vocal aboutRead More Tempest Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pages The Tempest According to Elizabethan beliefs an individuals social position was more or less fixed. 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Promoting more Integrative Strategies for Leadership Theory

Questions: Task 1A) Using Myers Briggs theories identify the different types of personality in the Marketing meeting and briefly explain which would have been useful to get the most of the people involved.B) Critically explain using the Attribution Theory how you think Toluwa, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope perceptions of each other have resulted to an unproductive meeting.Task 2Modern management has emphasized the importance of team work to achieve organsiation goal. However, due to individual differences, it could prove difficult, if not managed appropriately. Managers are expected to manage difference through communication, training, motivation and job allocation. In relation to the above statement, explain any FOUR ways in which managers should manage individual differences at work.Task 3In any organisation, each department is expected to work together to achieve the organisations goals. However, this might not be best achieved due to challenges which may arise.A) Discuss how each depa rtment can contribute in achieving the Strategic goal (Marketing goal) set by the organization. Students should first consider the key functions of each department provided in the case scenario, and then discuss how they work together to achieve the strategic goal (Marketing goal) set by the organsiation.B) Explain any TWO challenges faced by the organization in achieving companys Marketing goal. Students should identify any TWO relevant challenges, for example; Functions, structure, communication, personality differences, resources, unclear strategic goal, peoples motivation and so on. Answers: Introduction In the modern business world, the success of the organization would depend on the productivity of employees. Today, organizations have developed, and employees have to work as part of a large team. The success of the team would depend a lot on the way different employees work together. It would further depend on the personality traits and the motivation level of employees. It is important that people should have an open personality, and they should be willing to share and to learn. This paper discussed the three tasks related to the case study of Mullins, personality and motivation, and modern management. Task 1 (A) Myers-Briggs provided a theoretical framework to judge the personality of individuals (Ornoy, 2013). The marketing meeting of Mullins was not successful as department heads have different personality types. Davido Banks, the employee of operations department opened the meeting with the remark that he did not want to spend the whole day in the meeting. It can be said that Davido reflected leadership skill that is necessary to get the maximum out of people. The personality style of Davido is Extraversion as he was the first to present his ideas to other people in the meeting room. Tokunbo was the second person to comment. He already came with the plan and he wanted that the other people should stick with the plan. The personality trait of Tokumbo is Thinking as he came with a plan in hand. Gloria Brown is the head of the engineering department and she came with the test data. She was of the opinion that the mop should be marketed with the focus on its technology capabilities. The perso nality trait of Gloria is Judgement. She backed up her decision with the results of the test data. She also planned for the things and her decisions reflects the personality trait of Thinking. Zainab Smith is the head of the design department. She wanted that the promotion should be based on the creativity and design. Her decision making reflects that she has the personality type of Intuition and Feeling. Among all these personality style, the Extraversion, Judgement and Thinking are the most important personality types that would have been useful to get the most of the people involved (Lloyd, 2012). It is the combination of these personality types that could define a successful leader. Task 1(B) Attribution is the process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events. Attribution theory is the study of models to explain those processes. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior (Weiner, 2010). The case reflects that the meeting between the employees from different department was unproductive. However, it can also be inferred that the meeting between the heads of different departments and the head of the company was also unsuccessful. The main driver of the unproductive meeting was the pre-conceived notion of think Toluwa, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope or different perception. The department heads, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope entered the meeting with the notion that their employees are best. These department heads were not willing to accept that their employees was the reason of a failed productive session. Their perception was strong about their employees and these strong perception again resulted into unproductive meeting with Toluwa. This is a classic case where the organization is not able to achieve its goals and objectives due the difference in the perception and attitude. The problem is that all the employees are best but they are not willing to listen to others. The attribution theory is concerned with how and why ordinary people explain events as they do. In this case, Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope have their own explanations of the events. None of these employees was willing to accept that his or her team member could be at fault. Therefore, Toluwa was not able to reach any conclusion with the meeting and his concerns increased. It is important that all department heads Ralph, Suzzane, Emeka, and Temitope should understand the importance of team work and should ensure that organizational goals and objectives are meet. Task 2 In an organizational setting, the team work is much more important than the individual work of employees. For managers and leaders, the difficult task is to bring all the people together (Harding, 2010). In the organization, different employees have different expectations and managers could have hard times to fulfill the expectations of different employees. It is correct that due to individual differences, team work could be difficult to achieve. Managers are expected to manage this difference through communication, training, motivation and job allocation. These four ways to manage the individual difference at work place can be discussed as: Effective communication: It would be correct to say that the effective communication is the key for managers to manage the employees. The individual differences between the employees could be sorted out with effective communication (Crawford, 2004). The individual differences between the team members exist due to the difference in the expectations. It is important that the manager should personally discuss the expectations of team members. The communication should be two-way in nature. It means that the employees should be encouraged to reach out to management in case of any concerns. It is also important that the managers and leaders should use both formal and informal method of communication. Training and Development: The training and development programs are absolutely necessary to manage the individual difference at work place. It is important that the leaders and managers should develop the training programs that could address the training needs of people. With the training programs, the employees would be able to understand the bigger picture. With the training programs, the employees would understand the organizational goals and objectives (Laskin, 2011). The training and development programs would also impart the interpersonal skills to employees that would help them to learn the ways to work with other team members. Therefore, training and development is a powerful tool manage the individual difference at work place. Motivation and perception of employees: It would be correct to say that one of the major drivers of individual difference at work place is the motivation and perception level of employees. The employees may lack the motivation to work with high productivity levels. The individual differences in the employees would be high when the motivation levels of employees is limited and the individual differences among employees would be low when the employees are motivated to work and achieve organizational goals and objectives (Gabrielsson, 2007). It is also important that the employees should not have negative perception about other employees as it would increase the chances of individual differences. Job allocation: Job allocation is the way to allocate the jobs to different candidates. It is important that the management should have the ability to assess the job-fit for different employees. It is important that the jobs should be allocated on the basis of internal capabilities. With this, the employees would be able to have job satisfaction. It can be said that high level of job satisfaction would have very less chances of individual differences among the team members. Therefore, the managers and leaders should focus on job satisfaction so that individual difference at work place could be managed. Task 3 (a) The strategic or the marketing goal of the Mullins Company is to launch then new mop in the market. Toluwa Adnike, the president, told the companys four department heads he wanted the best person from each department to work on a marketing committee for the new mop. Toluwa felt if all the departments worked on the project then all the departments would feel a sense of ownership and involvement. The role of each of the department to achieve the strategic or the marketing goal of the organization can be discussed as: Operations department: The operations department has to ensure that it can maintain the inventory the mops across the retailers and distribution center. The product is a new product and the sales data is not available. It is expected that the operations department would make forecasting about the future potential sales and would ensure that inventory levels are maintained. The operations department would take inputs from the Engineering department to understand the product lifecycle of the product (Roome, 2009). Marketing department: The marketing department would have the responsibility to focus on the promotion of the product. It is expected that the marketing department would take the inputs form design and engineering department about the specifications and the unique features of the product. Design department: The design department shall focus on the creative and innovative design that would be an important inputs for the promotions strategies carried out by the marketing department. It is important that the design department should work closely with the Engineering department and the marketing department. Engineering department: The Engineering department would be responsible to bring the breakthrough in the product. The Engineering department would provide the inputs to Design department about the designs that the mop can support. Task 3(b) Generally, the organizations would face both internal and external challenges to achieve the marketing goals (Fedor, 2008). The management and leaders can have a control over the internal challenges. However, the external challenges are not under the direct control of management. One of the challenges to achieve the marketing goal is the communication challenge. There would be cases when the marketing department would set the marketing goals but these marketing goals and not communicated to other stakeholders in the organization. Any marketing plan or the marketing objectives would be successful only when all the internal stakeholders are aware of the marketing goals. The marketing managers would set the communication plan; however, the communication is not effective and as a result the employees are not aware of organizational marketing goal (Avolio, 2007). This eventually has a negative impact on the organizational growth. Another important challenge faced by the organization in achieving companys marketing goal is peoples motivation. There are cases when the executives or the employees would not want to work as they lack the motivation. The motivation could be high at the top management layer. However, it is important that this motivation should be transformed to mid-level management and low-level management layer. In an organizational setting, the productivity of employees directly depends on the motivation of employees. The employees would not be able to work with high productivity and would not be able to contribute in the marketing plan unless and until they are motivated (Reichard, 2011). The people motivation would depend a lot in the incentives and the rewards. It is observed that people are motivated to meet their personal goals and objectives and they may not be motivated to meet organizational goals and objectives. The employees can have high level of motivation when the personal goals and o bjectives of employees match with the organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, it is important that the marketing goals and objectives should include to reward people if the product is successful. Conclusion With the above discussion it can be said that people should learn to work with other team members. The organization or the group would be able to achieve its objectives only when different people can work together. The differences of the opinions and different perception of the people is a challenge for team to work together (Soekijad, 2011). It is important that leaders should realize the personality differences between different employees and should create a culture where employees can work together towards a common organizational growth. References Avolio, B. J. (2007). Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theory-building.American Psychologist,62(1), 25. D'amato, A. A., Roome, N. (2009).Leadership of organizational change toward an integrated model of leadership for corporate responsibility and sustainable development: A process model of corporate responsibility beyond management innovation(No. 2013/164611). ULB--Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Darling, J., Gabrielsson, M., Serist, H. (2007). Enhancing contemporary entrepreneurship: a focus on management leadership.European Business Review,19(1), 4-22. Cohen, Y., Ornoy, H., Keren, B. (2013). MBTI personality types of project managers and their success: A field survey.Project Management Journal,44(3), 78-87. Gardner, H., Laskin, E. (2011).Leading minds: An anatomy of leadership. Basic Books. Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B. (2008).Change the way you lead change: Leadership strategies that really work. Stanford University Press. Harding, T. (2010). Fostering creativity for leadership and leading change.Arts Education Policy Review,111(2), 51-53. Lok, P., Crawford, J. (2004). The effect of organisational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organisational commitment: A cross-national comparison.Journal of Management Development,23(4), 321-338. Lloyd, J. B. (2012). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and mainstream psychology: analysis and evaluation of an unresolved hostility.Journal of Beliefs Values,33(1), 23-34. Serrano, S. A., Reichard, R. J. (2011). Leadership strategies for an engaged workforce.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,63(3), 176. Soekijad, M. (2011). Leading to learn in networks of practice: two leadership strategies.Organization Studies, 0170840611410834. Weiner, B. (2010). The development of an attribution-based theory of motivation: A history of ideas.Educational Psychologist,45(1), 28-36.

Women in Psychology Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn

Introduction The contributions of women in the field of psychology have often been subject to underreporting and misreporting throughout the subject’s history. In the 19th and 20th centuries, women were widely discriminated against and perceived as inferior to men, not mentioning the fact that they enjoyed little standing in society (O’Connell Russo, 1990). Women, despite this setback, have contributed immense knowledge to the field of psychology, and rightly qualify to be offered a special place of remembrance in the annals of history.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Psychology: Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a well known fact that psychology would never have been the same were it not for the outstanding contributions of women psychologists such as Mary Whiton Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, Mary Ainsworth, Margaret Floy Wash burn, Melaine Klein, Karen Horney, among others (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). It is the object of this paper to critically evaluate the contributions made by Margaret Floy Washburn to the field of psychology. Background Born July 25, 1871 in the outskirts of New York City, Margaret Floy Washburn was the only child of Francis and Elizabeth Floy. Young Washburn spent most of her formative years at Ulster County, New York, and graduated from high school in 1886 (Green, 2000). Her interest in psychology started when Washburn was enrolled at Vassar College as a preparatory student when she was barely fifteen years old. While studying at Vassar, Washburn gained membership of Kappa Alpha Theta alliance for women, and finally graduated from college in 1891. The young lady was determined to further her studies at a time when women were viewed as inferior to men. She was enrolled as an auditor in the newly created psychological laboratory at Columbia University since the institution had not started admitting women for graduate studies (Green, 2000; O’Connell Russo, 1990). Under the guidance of James McKeen Cattell, Washburn proved her detractors wrong and performed extremely well in her studies, prompting Cattell to encourage her to further her studies at the newly re-organized Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell University (Green, 2000). At the institution, Washburn was the first and only graduate student majoring in psychology under the guidance of E.B. Titchener. The budding psychologist undertook an experimental study on tactual perception, qualifying for a Master’s degree award in 1893 from Vassar College, albeit in absentia. Washburn later did her doctoral thesis on the effects of visual imagery on judgments of tactile sensitivity, and was lucky to have her work published in 1895 in Philosophische Studien when Titchener sent the thesis to Wilhelm Wundt, the Journal’s publisher (Green, 2000; O’Connell Russo, 1990). Earlier on in 1894, Washburn made history by becoming the first woman globally to earn a PhD in psychology.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Career-wise, Washburn took up various teaching posts in prestigious institutions such as Wells College, Vassar College, Sage College, and the male-dominated University of Cincinnati (Green, 2000). She was elected to American Psychological Association (APA) presidency in 1921, and went further to become the co-edit the widely read American Journal of Psychology for years before finally been elected to the exalted National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in the decade of the 1930’s. She remained a Professor of Psychology at Vassar College until 1937 when ill health forced her to retire. The celebrated psychologist died on October 29, 1939. Theoretical Perspective Margaret Washburn, fascinated with studying the minds and behavior orientations of humans and animals, wa s persuaded that experimental psychology could offer the appropriate methodology and approaches for investigating the topic (Woodworth, 1948). The psychologist was overly interested in studying the behaviors of people and animals to a point of developing the motor theory of consciousness. Washburn, however, was best known for her concerted efforts in the field of comparative psychology, culminating in publishing a book in 1908, which went on to remain the preferred comparative psychology resource book for the next two decades. In discussing her theoretical perspective, it is imperative to remember that Washburn schooled at Cornell University under the instruction and guidance of E.B. Titchener, a structuralist in major ways (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). In later days, structuralism came to be referred as functionalism. Being a student of Titchener, Washburn was influenced by the functionalist orientations, and was known to base her rationale and theory on the tenets of functionalis m (O’Connell Russo, 1990). The major theoretical orientation of being a functionalist is that every entity is perceived to have a function. Indeed, functionalism is a broad perspective in the field of social science which makes reference to social structures and organisms as whole entities in terms of the intricate function of their constituent components (Woodworth, 1948). According to Levin (2009 ), â€Å"†¦ functionalism in the philosophy of mind is the doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system in which it is a part† (para. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Psychology: Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the presentation of motor theory of consciousness, Washburn endeavored to medi ate between the structural-functionalist psychological orientations of Wilhelm Wundt and E.B. Titchener on the one side and the opposing behaviorist perspective on the other (Woodworth, 1948; O’Connell Russo, 1990). These competing psychological perspectives had dissociated consciousness from behavior, with the structural-functionalists showing interest on consciousness, while the behaviorists were of the opinion that the field of psychology should only concern itself with the study of behavior. Washburn’s theory of consciousness served to reconcile the two theoretical perspectives stated above by investigating the ways in which individual thoughts and perceptions generate motor reaction (O’Connell Russo, 1990). It is said that Washburn â€Å"†¦realized that Titchener’s strict structural psychology theories had several limitations and started to work in her own theory about motor system and mind processes† (Margaret Floy Washburn, n.d., para . 7). She derived her desires and energy to develop a new theoretical perspective about motor skills and mind from her constant refusal to recognize most of the perspectives forwarded by major schools of psychology concerning the issues of consciousness and behavior. Consequently, she came up with a doctrine underlining that â€Å"†¦thinking requires tentative movements†¦mental phenomena–for example, feelings and sensations, colors and tones–were not only legitimate but necessary topics to examine; psychology is the study of behavior and consciousness† (O’Connell Russo, 1990, p. 345). Her theoretical perspective served to link the structural psychological orientation to the behaviorist perspective. Contributions Washburn was known principally for her seminal work in animal psychology, which was basically incorporated in her 1908 publication ‘The Animal Mind’ (Woodworth, 1948). In her work, the psychologist was of the opinion that h uman beings and animals had a certain level of consciousness and emotional attachment, otherwise known as empathy. It was also her considered opinion that every single creature in the universe has a meaning. Her works on consciousness and empathy ignited later day psychologists to refine the topic and develop critical theories that are still in use today. These theories have made it possible for psychologists to learn and understand the intricate relationship between the mind and behavior (Green, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Washburn’s educational contributions cannot escape mention; having taught philosophy and psychology in a number of institutions, including the prestigious Well’s College, Vassar College, Sage College, and the male-dominated University of Cincinnati (Green, 2000). She must have influenced a great number of psychology students, especially due to her dedication and methods of investigation. If Washburn is remembered for her educational contributions, she is even remembered more for her seminal works in comparative psychology (Green, 2000). The works are best captured in her book ‘The Animal Mind,’ where she gives vivid illustrations of how animals, just like humans, experience pain and pleasure. The psychologist can be credited for critically evaluating animal psychiatry the same way human psychiatry had been done before, and attempting to relate the two through assessing some psychological thoughts and concepts such as dementia, distraction, feelings, behavi or, deliriums and fixated ideas (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). Washburn contributed outstanding knowledge on senses and how they are used by a variety of animals for survival. Specifically, she studied the mollusk in different environments to assess how it senses its food and how the food stimuli functions to change the behavior of the mollusk (Green, 2000). This behavioral approach to studying psychology can be equated to Ivan Pavlov’s operant conditioning. Of importance is the fact that her t observation in the snail’s consciousness and behavior after food stimuli was introduced still remains relevant today as it demonstrates how animals employ their autonomic nervous system for survival. A large body of knowledge was discovered when she compared her animal studies to how humans react and behave under similar conditions. One particular observation was that animals behave like humans in both pleasurable and painful situations. Also, the psychologist noted that animals and people are similar psychologically, and both require some basic necessities of food, shelter, and safety for survival (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). Conclusion Margaret Floy Washburn, despite the social stigma and discrimination against female professionals that was so prevalent during her time, contributed so much such that she left an indelible mark in the field of psychology. Her contributions on animal behavior and her motor theory of consciousness contributed to the better understanding of the interrelationship between consciousness and behavior in ways that were previously unknown within the realms of psychology (Green, 2000). Constant rejections and prejudice did not curtail her determination to bring a more acceptable theoretical perspective between the behaviorists and the structuralists. Indeed, the field of psychology owes much to Washburn’s confidence and diligence. Reference List Green, C.D. (2000). Autobiography of Margaret Floy Washburn. Web. Levin, J. (20 09). Functionalism. In: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. Margaret Floy Washburn. (n.d.). Web. O’Connell, A., Russo, N. (1990). Women in psychology: A bio-bibliographic sourcebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. Scarborough, E., Furumoto, L. (1987). Untold Lives: The first generation of American women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press. Woodworth, R.S. (1948). Biographical memoir of Margaret Floy Washburn. National Academy of Sciences. Web. This essay on Women in Psychology: Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn was written and submitted by user Dahlia Simon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rise Of Christianity In The Roman Empire Essays - Christianity

Rise Of Christianity In The Roman Empire Rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire In St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, he explains that God's justice is ?God's way of righting wrong?. St. Paul says in Jesus' sacrificial death God ? meant by this to demonstrate his justice?. According to Paul, human pride is excluded because ?the keeping of law would not exclude it, but faith does?. St. Paul's reason for this is ?that a man is justified by faith quite apart from success in keeping the law. St. Paul also discusses that a person must use their gifts for the good of people. We have to use our gifts because ?the gifts we possess differ as they are allotted to us by God's grace?. ?A teacher should employ his gift in teaching?. In Paul's last selection, he explains that ?every person must submit to the supreme authorities?. He explains that God institutes all authorities, and if you don't follow the law you are resisting ?a divine institution?. Paul says that if you do right you have no reason to fear the authorities. We pay taxes because ?the authorities are in God's service and to these duties they devote their energies.? Paul also explains that if you love your neighbor has ?satisfied every claim of the law?. ?Love cannot wrong a neighbor; therefore the whole law is summed up in love.? Diocletion was a Roman emperor that persecuted the Christians. He persecuted them by sending out edicts to all the empire saying that all churches be destroyed, Scriptures be burned, people that were Christian and held places of honor be degraded, and citizens that practiced Christianity after the letters went out be taken to prison. Soon after other letters were issued ?commanding that all bishops of the churches everywhere? be put in prison and be ?compelled to sacrifice [to the gods]?. The persecution became worse. The letters demanded that ?all the people should sacrifice at once?and offer libations to the idols?. In the rise of Christianity, Constantine was the most important contributor to the rise of the new faith. Constantine was a Roman ruler that claimed he saw the Roman sign for Christianity and God spoke to him during a battle. He used Christianity as his backbone of his crusade. He eventually took over the whole Roman Empire and greatly supported Christianity. Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, giving religious freedom to everyone .He especially favored Christians by building magnificent churches and exempting clergy from taxes. Religion Essays

Essay Sample on Brand Management The Effect of Brand Senses

Essay Sample on Brand Management The Effect of Brand Senses Introduction The five senses are the physiological capability that provides inputs for perception in organisms. These senses and their theory, classification and operation are overlapping the variety of studied topics in diversified fields. The branding of the five senses has experienced a wide variety of changes since 1960 thorough explanation of various theories. The branding has affected the branding management which is an essential component in today marketing (Thomas, Hutt Michael, 2004, 16). Seeing Seeing or vision refers to the eyes ability to detect and focus of the light visibility on retinas photoreceptors. The branding of an eye has experienced a wide range of theories since 1960 on which various terms have been associated with it. Generally, it generates electrical nerve impulses for varying brightness, colors and hues whereby the rods and cones are involved in the color and light sensitivity of the brand. In 1985 seeing was branded as a process whereby an eye actively participates in visionary acts sending the message to brain for review. The branding of hearing was most prominent in 1991 when Ramachandran Vilayanur, a professor of University of California, San Diego in neuroscience points out that hearing is a good rule of thumb in our sunlight world. There was some disagreement on this sense as to whether this constitutes to other planets as it collaborates with the other one, two or three senses. Neuroanatomists have come up with various perceptions on the theories th at have taken place in defining the hearing concept and its influence from the brain. A drink company took its gin and repackaged it in a transparent glass for the consumers to see the rich combination of its ingredients (Lindstrom Martin, 2007, 49). The move to repackage was later followed by big portfolio of advertisement which highly focused on the colorful flavors as well as aromas to convey the sense of smell. Hearing Hearing is the sense of sound perception also called audition which is hearing is all about vibration. Hearing has experienced a considerable occasional branding over the past 50 years with the most prominent occasion in early 1988 when a discovery on mechanoreceptors was further elaborated. The mechanoreceptors generally convert the motion into electrical nerve pulses in the inner ear. The branding of the hearing occurred consequently in 1990 and 2002 when the sound propagation was further elaborated in alignment to the vibration. This was branded as the mechanical sense. Hearing was also branded with the deafness as the inability to hear (Rius, Puig, Parramà ³n, 1985, 38). Taste Taste is among the most traditionally branded among the five senses which refers to capacity of flavor detection of substances such as poisons, food, etc. Taste has been branded on several occasions since 1950 whereby everyone posses his or her own taste of anything. The major focus was on 2007 when the neuromarketing branded taste as everyone’s flavor. It is a sense that allows the cognitive ability to differentiate one product from the other among the wide range of similar or different commodities (Dwyer, Robert Tanner, 2003, 57). Smell Smell is another member of the five senses, initially branded as an olfaction. In 1975, it was branded as a chemical sense whereby various organs of the body react whenever this sense occurs. In 2009, the study of this sense was extended to hundreds of olfactory receptors each requisition to a meticulous molecular feature (Clegg, 2011, 23). Touch Touch is an important part of organism as it creates is a perception in the body from activation of neural receptors. Branding of the touch has been defined by various scientists and medical experts in exerting more meaning to the sense of touch. The touch sense was once branded as tactician in 1989 by one spectacular application of Robert Knight neurotesting. Over the last 50 years, the branding of touch was most prominent in 2009 when it was branded as mechanoreceptor. Itching was branded to the touch sense in 1991 which was caused by the allergies and insect bites (Michael, Earl Dwight Pitt 2010, 14). Effects of Sense branding on Brand Management The branding of the five senses has greatly affected the brand management whereby consideration has to take place in every branding concept of any product or service. Basically people sense some of the stimuli confronted in the day to day lives which suggests that thinking of like sorting machine. Essentially people tends to attend to a variety of stimulations sorting through out for their relevancy and deciding their actions. This creates a lot of brand experiences possibly traversed in a fundamentally unconscious and inattentive way. In the brand management theory, there is an accumulation of brand experiences in human brains whereby constantly shifting of the shape is experienced in relation to each brand. The marketers in brand management initiates the intervention into this landscape in efforts of controlling and managing the brand shape that is taking place in the minds of the people. A wide range of ethical dilemmas of branding the senses has occurred on the implementation of regulations protecting consumers. The conscious and unconsciousness in the branding has taken effect in various occasions whereby the senses fully of particularly satisfies the consumers expectation on particular branding of the sense. The ethical dilemmas questions occur due to the renewed interests of the marketers in a sense branding idea that a high percentage human brain is unconsciously buried. The brand management theory underpins the natural interests in the branding methods whereby the quantities and the qualitative factors derivatives are highly invoked. This creates a question about the ethical nature of the true motivations that triggers the purchase of the brands. The truth of the matter is the sense branding is just impressionistic and unreliable to the brand itself. Branding the sense occurs in different levels and differs from one country to another across the globe. There diversification in cultures creates the difference in branding the senses between countries while the different cultural practices differs from one culture to another. The level of branding the sense is highly dependent on the perception of that particular brand in certain country or culture. Some cultures values some senses more than others creating more emphasis upon them. In some countries, the values and practices are aligned to some of the five senses therefore the branding is reflected on how much the sense valued is. Essentially social and religious beliefs also determine the branding of the sense which differs from country to country and culture to cultures. Branding the sense of sight in the African culture is highly valued as it is among the most important aspect of the human being. The branding value is aligned to the level of the overall capability whereby many pe rceives particular senses as more fundamental than others. The drinks producers have built a wide variety of sensory cues into communicating the brand to the consumers

The Geographic Information System Program Research Paper

The Geographic Information System Program - Research Paper Example In essence, information about specific places on the earth’s surface influences economic, social, and political activities with society opting for hospitable regions. This is facilitated by the availability of geographical information that distinguishes regions by physical principles, which necessary for effective planning and development in modern society. Such information is derived from maps and satellite images, which then analyzed and presented in accordance with the desired parameters such as terrain, population, among other analytes. Over the years, specialized computer systems have employed to process geographical information such as digitization of raw data, storage, automated analysis of the data, and predict outcomes of various scenarios. Such sophisticated computations are made possible by geographical information systems (GIS), which illustrate the computer-based capacity to manipulate geographical data. These systems include not include basic computer hardware an d software, but also special input and output devices to create map products. GIS also includes a communication system that allows linking of various stations for comprehensive data collection. The system functions to acquire, verify, compile, store, manage, analyze, and present geographical data on demand in various formats as per the study requirements. In light of this, the information presented is vital for researchers to map, study, and understand trends and patterns affecting the society. As such, GIS plays a critical role in planning and management of various aspects that could otherwise impact the society negatively. The application of the geographical information system is preceded by the art of making maps where GIS sought to modernize the trade. Past civilizations are credited for their role in shaping descriptive illustration of their surroundings, which fuelled advancements in the area. Cartography dates back to ancient civilizations where scholars and explorers passion ately expressed their view of the world, as they perceived it, similar concepts were adopted with technological advances to generate digitized models of desired regions of the earth. This can be attributed to the quest towards improved geo-referenced information at the height of photozincography, which enabled layering in maps. This involved cumbersome tasks of drawing different versions of a single map to demonstrate layers such as vegetation, terrain, and infrastructure. The upsurge of computer hardware development in the 1960s saw mainframe computers support the earliest of geographical information systems. The first operational GIS was developed by Dr. Roger Tomlinson with aim of studying rural Canada, which allowed researchers evaluate the land’s capability to host agriculture, wildlife, as well as support the society.1 Technological advances produced minicomputers during the 1970s to support GIS applications, which operated in a timesharing mode to ensure functionality. 2 Moreover, the invention of personal computers revolutionized the geographical information software, as it was readily available for these machines. This marked the beginning of a promising GIS hardware market that would see the invention of increasingly powerful computers with increased capability to be networked together.